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Age of rebellion races1/7/2023 Enlightenment writings were widely disseminated, reaching many urban groups in France and elsewhere. Their remedies were diverse, ranging from outright democracy to a more efficient monarchy, but they joined in insisting on greater religious and cultural freedom, some kind of parliamentary institution, and greater equality under the law. They were hostile to the political power of the Roman Catholic church as well as to the tax exemptions and landed power of the aristocracy. Ideologically, thinkers of the Enlightenment urged that governments should promote the greatest good of all people, not the narrow interests of a particular elite. Revolution exploded in France in the summer of 1789, after many decades of ideological ferment, political decline, and social unrest. Political unrest must be seen as a discrete factor shaping a new Europe along with fundamental economic forces. Their results facilitated further economic change, but this was not necessarily their intent. Revolutions also resulted from new political ideas directed against the institutions and social arrangements of the preindustrial order. Economic grievances associated with early industrialization fed into later revolutions, particularly the outbursts in 1848, but the newest social classes were not prime bearers of the revolutionary message. This was followed by a concerted effort at political reaction and a renewed series of revolutions from 1820 through 1848.Ĭonnections between political change and socioeconomic upheaval were real but complex. The central event throughout much of the Continent was the French Revolution (1789–99) and its aftermath.
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